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ABSTRACT This paper presents a new approach of landslides zonation hazard studies, based on an integrated study of structural data along with geomorphological and external factors, in a hilly regions of Brazil, covered by a tropical humid rain-forest, called Serra do Mar. The Serra do Mar consists of a hilly region along the east coast of Brazil, with high slopes and many geological structures in a gneiss - migmatitic terrain. In contrast to traditional approaches, this method proposes that structural data (foliation, fractures and bedding planes) and its relation with the slope geometry, is important to be consider in the landslide zonation hazard, along with declivity, relative relief, soil and rock properties, land use and vegetation cover and hydrogeological and climate factors. Results show that slopes with high hazard have the same dip direction of geological structures. Landslide zonation hazard using structural data contributes to a better understanding of how these structures, preserved in tropical residual soils, influence on slope stability and generates landslides.
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Resumen: El objetivo del estudio fue generar un instrumento confiable y válido que permita evaluar la percepción del riesgo de deslave en habitantes de asentamientos urbanos vulnerables a riesgos geológicos en la ciudad de México. Se construyó una escala conformada por 9 reactivos con 5 opciones de respuesta; para obtener las propiedades psicométricas óptimas se aplicó a 217 habitantes de entre 18 y 86 años de edad, 126 mujeres y 91 hombres. El análisis de la estructura factorial y la confiabilidad proporcionan una escala final constituida por 6 reactivos organizados en 2 factores, con apropiados índices de bondad de ajuste. Se concluye que la Escala de Percepción de Riesgo de Deslave proporciona información relevante para la toma de decisiones ante fenómenos naturales extremos en la ciudad de México.
Abstract: The main objective of this study was to develop a valid and reliable scale that assessed the risk perception in urban settlements vulnerable to geological hazards in Mexico City. The scale included 9 items with 5 optional answers. In order to obtain optimum psychometric properties, the scale was applied to 217 inhabitants between the ages of 18 and 86, from which 126 were women and 91 men. The analysis of factorial structure and the reliability provide a final scale made up from 6 items organized in 2 factors with satisfactory goodness of fit (df = 8; χ2 = 14.138; P = .078; CFI = .990; RMSEA = .060). It is concluded that the Scale of Landslide Risk Perception provides relevant information for decision-making to extreme natural phenomena in Mexico City.
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RESUMO: O objetivo principal deste trabalho foi realizar o mapeamento de áreas de risco a escorregamentos e a inundações em áreas marginais a uma importante rodovia do Estado de São Paulo. Sendo assim, um segundo objetivo do trabalho foi apresentar medidas geotécnicas de contenção aos processos mapeados. Para isso, as áreas de risco foram mapeadas a partir de visitas de campo e classificadas em quatro graus de risco (R1: baixo; R2: médio; R3: alto ou; R4: muito alto) utilizando fichas de cadastro que contemplam condicionantes naturais, antrópicos e evidências de instabilidade. Foram identificados oito setores de risco a escorregamentos (cinco com risco R2; dois com risco R3 e um com risco R4) e um setor de risco a inundação (R3). Este trabalho poderá contribuir no melhor monitoramento de impactos ambientais resultantes da construção de rodovias, sobretudo, resultantes do aparecimento de ocupações irregulares em áreas impróprias para a ocupação.
ABSTRACT: The objective of this paper was develop a landslide and flood risk map to areas located close to an important road in São Paulo state. Thus, the second objective was present geotechnical measures to mitigate the mapped processes. The risk areas were mapped from fieldwork and classified into four risk levels (R1: low; R2: medium; R3: high or; R4: very high) using registration forms that include natural constraints, anthropogenic processes and instability evidences. There were identified eight landslide risk areas (five were classified as a R2 risk, two were classified as a R3 risk and one were classified as a R4 risk) and one flood risk classified as a R3 risk. This paper can help monitoring the environmental impacts that may occur after the road construction, especially in the emergence of irregular settlements in unsuitable areas.
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Este artigo aborda a gestão dos riscos de desastres ambientais na ótica de pessoas em situações de vulnerabilidade. Tem por base as etapas iniciais da pesquisa Viver em área de risco, desenvolvida com o apoio do CNPq. As informações derivam de múltiplas fontes: atividades de uma organização local (Sociedade Santos Mártires); conversas informais com moradores e lideranças comunitárias da região; histórico das legislações sobre a defesa civil brasileira; matérias de jornais sobre desastres na região e extensa revisão bibliográfica sobre o tema. Apoiada em vertentes críticas das teorias sociais de risco, o objetivo é entender os processos por meio dos quais os atores dão sentido aos riscos. São abordados três tópicos: a descrição do território, com foco no conceito de vulnerabilidade socioambiental; a rede complexa de atores que performam risco naquele território; a gestão dos riscos por parte de pessoas com foco na vida cotidiana da comunidade. Os resultados preliminares sugerem que para entender a gestão dos riscos, na perspectiva das pessoas em situação de vulnerabilidade, é necessário caracterizar a rede heterogênea de atores que performam o risco nesse território, assim como as múltiplas dimensões da hierarquização desses riscos por parte dos moradores.
This paper addresses risks management of environmental disasters from the standpoint of people in vulnerable situations. It is based on the initial phase of research on Life in risk areas conducted with financial support from CNPq. Data was gathered from multiple sources: activities of a local organization (Sociedade Santos Mártires); informal conversations with community residents and leaders in the region; legislative history of Brazilian civil defense; newspaper articles on disasters in the region and extensive bibliographic research. Based on social of critical analysis of risk theories, the objective was to understand the processes of how people deal with risk. Three themes are addressed: description of the territory focusing on the concept of social and environmental vulnerability; the complex network of actors that constitute risk in this territory; local risk management with a focus on everyday life in the community. The preliminary results suggest that in order to understand risk management in situations of vulnerability it is necessary to take into account the heterogeneous network of actors that constitute risk in the territory as well as the multiple dimensions of risk hierarchies as perceived by local inhabitants.
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Humans , Disasters , Brazil , Civil Defense , Risk , Risk ManagementABSTRACT
PURPOSE: On July 27, 2011, landslides occurred on Woomyun Mountain, resulting in development of mass casualties. Seoul St. Mary's Hospital was the primary recipient of patients. This experience prompted the drafting of a formal disaster plan. Therefore, we outline the Emergency Management External Disaster Plan of Seoul St. Mary's Hospital and discuss the time course of presentation and medical characteristics of the patients. METHODS: We conducted a retrospective review of medical records of patients who visited Seoul St. Mary's Hospital from Woo-myun Mountain landslides. In addition, we reviewed the time course of hospital disaster response. RESULTS: A total of 33 patients participated in this study. Mean age was 40.2 (+/-21.8) years; eight patients died at the time of admission and cardiopulmonary resuscitation was performed in one patient. Mean Injury Severity Score (ISS) was 9.19 and four patients were ISS above 15. Six patients were admitted to our hospital and two patients underwent an emergency operation. Overall, the emergency disaster management was appropriate due to the formal disaster plan and experiences in conduct of disaster drills. However, there were also several problems. The major problems of our disaster response were as follows: delayed activation of external disaster, difficulties in securing a treatment section, and absence of a decontamination facility. CONCLUSION: We observed several problems from our experience with Woo-myun Mountain landslides. Reassessment of the disaster plan and additional planning for other possibilities are needed.
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Humans , Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation , Decontamination , Disaster Planning , Disasters , Emergencies , Injury Severity Score , Landslides , Mandrillus , Mass Casualty Incidents , Medical Records , Retrospective StudiesABSTRACT
PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to analyze the expierience of the Wonju Disaster Medical Assistant Team (DMAT)'s activities during the Chun-cheon landslide (AM 00:08 on July 7th, 2011) and to present damages caused by the landslide. The scale of the domestic DMAT in the landslide disaster was also assessed. METHODS: In a retrograde study, victims were analyzed video camera recordings and medical records at the landslide disaster. Follow-up surveys of patients taken to the hospital after the Chun-cheon landslide were also analyzed. In addition, pertinence of the Wonju DMAT's activities during the rescue activity, designated by National Emergency Management, were evaluated. RESULTS: Rescue efforts continued until 13:00 on July 7th, 2011. The number of casualties was forty one, consisted of three immediate patients, six delayed patients, nineteen minimal patients, and thirteen expectant patients. The Wonju DMAT arrived at the scene of the landslide disaster at AM 02:30 on July 7th, 2011. After installing a medical office, they categorized patients by ID-ME classification and provided medical treatment to twenty-two patients, including local residents and rescue workers. CONCLUSION: The cause of death in the landslide disaster was suffocation. A small-scale DMAT rescue, composed on five to six people, is more proper for disaster response in a landslide disaster.
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Humans , Asphyxia , Cause of Death , Classification , Disasters , Emergencies , Follow-Up Studies , Landslides , Medical Assistance , Medical Records , Rescue WorkABSTRACT
PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to analyze the expierience of the Wonju Disaster Medical Assistant Team (DMAT)'s activities during the Chun-cheon landslide (AM 00:08 on July 7th, 2011) and to present damages caused by the landslide. The scale of the domestic DMAT in the landslide disaster was also assessed. METHODS: In a retrograde study, victims were analyzed video camera recordings and medical records at the landslide disaster. Follow-up surveys of patients taken to the hospital after the Chun-cheon landslide were also analyzed. In addition, pertinence of the Wonju DMAT's activities during the rescue activity, designated by National Emergency Management, were evaluated. RESULTS: Rescue efforts continued until 13:00 on July 7th, 2011. The number of casualties was forty one, consisted of three immediate patients, six delayed patients, nineteen minimal patients, and thirteen expectant patients. The Wonju DMAT arrived at the scene of the landslide disaster at AM 02:30 on July 7th, 2011. After installing a medical office, they categorized patients by ID-ME classification and provided medical treatment to twenty-two patients, including local residents and rescue workers. CONCLUSION: The cause of death in the landslide disaster was suffocation. A small-scale DMAT rescue, composed on five to six people, is more proper for disaster response in a landslide disaster.
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Humans , Asphyxia , Cause of Death , Classification , Disasters , Emergencies , Follow-Up Studies , Landslides , Medical Assistance , Medical Records , Rescue WorkABSTRACT
A mountain collapsed on National Highway-53(NH-53) on 6th July 2011 around 2:30 p.m. A minibus which was carrying Security Personnel of Manipur Rifles (MR) and Indian Reserved Battalion (IRB) was hit by the landslide. Six occupants died on the spot and seven were injured. The cases were registered under U.D. Case no. 5/2011/G-SPM-PS and were brought to the RIMS Morgue the next day for Post Mortem Examination (PME). On PME, the victims showed general features of blunt force injuries with gross deformation and one case showed clogging of the whole respiratory tract with soil debris of the landslide. The victims died almost immediately on the spot due to vital organs injuries except in one case where it was due to traumatic asphyxia. Landslides occur frequently in these National Highways due to the hilly terrain and the perpetual rains, such major fatalities have never occurred before. Therefore the cases are reported here to analyze the types of injuries sustained, the causes of death and to discuss precautionary measures for prevention of further mishaps. This will also serve as an eye-opener to the magnitude of severity such a natural disaster.
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Asphyxia/etiology , Asphyxia/mortality , Fatal Outcome , Humans , India/epidemiology , Landslides/epidemiology , Landslides/mortality , Landslides/statistics & numerical data , Thoracic Injuries/etiology , Thoracic Injuries/mortality , Wounds and Injuries/etiology , Wounds and Injuries/mortalityABSTRACT
Se presentan datos preliminares de la flora pionera en deslizamientos naturales y antrópicos en el Parque Nacional de Podocarpus (PNP), así como de la vegetación antes de estos eventos. Los deslizamientos naturales fueron seleccionados y distribuidos entre los 2100 a 3200 m de altitud, (216 parcelas), mientras que los deslizamientos antropogénicos fueron estudiados alrededor de la zona de amortiguamiento, entre los 1900 a 2800 m (216 parcelas). El muestreo se efectuó según Blanquet (1979) tomando como referencia la gradiente altitudinal. Los deslizamientos naturales y antrópicos fueron seleccionados en dos sitios hacia el flanco oriental (144 parcelas) y cuatro sitios en el flanco occidental (288) parcelas, totalizando 432 parcelas. Para la vegetación natural, el tamaño de la parcela fue establecido de acuerdo al tipo de vegetación (herbácea, arbustiva y arbórea). El bosque natural presenta 75 familias, 185 géneros y 412 especies, de estas 58 son endémicas entre los 2800 m y 3200 m; deslizamientos naturales con 56 familias, 127 géneros y 264 especies; y deslizamientos antropogénicos con 69 familias, 127 géneros y 313 especies. No existen diferencias entre la vegetación pionera de los deslizamientos naturales y antrópicos, sin embargo la gradiente influencia directamente en el tipo de vegetación y estructura. Siendo el estrato herbáceo bajo el más representativo, luego el estrato herbáceo de tamaño mediano y finalmente el estrato arbustivo, especialmente en el rango 2400 a 2700 m. Se registra que en los dos flancos del PNP existe una elevada frecuencia de deslizamientos principalmente entre los 2200-2500 m. Existen algunos grupos predominantes o que restablecen estas áreas, entre ellas las Criptógamas, los estratos herbáceos con familias dominantes (Violaceae, Cyperaceae, Poaceae, Blechnaceae, Lycopodiaceae), el estrato arbustivo con otro juego de familias (Asteraceae, Melastomataceae, Ericaceae, Poaceae, Aquifoliaceae), y en el bosque todavia otras familias dominantes (Asteraceae, Clusiaceae, Bromeliaceae, Ericaceae, Lycopodiaceae, Melastomataceae, Orchidaceae, Poaceae, Cunoniaceae).
We present preliminary data on the pioneer vegetation found on natural and man-made landslides in the Parque Nacional de Podocarpus (PNP). The natural landslides selected were distributed between 2100 and 3200 m (216 study sites), while the man-made landslides were situated between 1900 and 2800 m above sea-level (216 study sites). Sampling followed Blanquet (1979) and the altitudinal gradient was used as reference. The land-slides were selected in two areas on the eastern flank (144 study sites) and in four areas on the western flank (288 study sites), totaling 432 study sites. For the natural vegetation the size of the study sites was selected according to vegetation type (herbaceous, shrubby, arboreal). The natural forest has 75 plant families, 185 genera and 412 species, 58 of the latter are endemic to the region between 2800 m and 3200 m above sea-level; natural land-slides have 56 families, 127 genera and 264 species; and man-made land-slides have 69 plant families, 127 genera and 313 species. There are no differences between the vegetation of the natural and the man-made land-slides, but rather the gradient has a direct influence on vegetation type and structure. The low herbaceous layer is the dominant feature, followed by medium-sized herbaceous plants and finally the shrub layer, especially between 2400 and 2700 m above sea-level. Within the PNP there are an elevated number of natural land-slides especially between 2200 and 2500 m above sea-level. There are some plant groups which predominate in these areas, such as Cryptogams, the herbaceous layer has some dominant plant families (Violaceae, Cyperaceae, Poaceae, Blechnaceae, Lycopodiaceae), as has the shrub layer (Asteraceae, Melastomataceae, Ericaceae, Poaceae, Aquifoliaceae), while in the natural forest other families are dominant (Asteraceae, Clusiaceae, Bromeliaceae, Ericaceae, Lycopodiaceae, Melastomataceae, Orchidaceae, Poaceae, Cunoniaceae).
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The forests of the Luquillo Experimental Forest Long-Term Ecological Research site are subject to low-intensity, widespread disturbance that establishes levels of background mortality that contrast with periodic catastrophic mortality resulting from hurricanes and landslides. Although catastrophic mortality is more dramatic, background mortality is still more important in determining population turnover.· However, catastrophic mortality may still be an important agent in determining ecosystem structure. Catastrophic disturbances affect forest function in many ways besides mortality, some of which are only apparent in the context of long-term studies. Since most ecosystems are subject to some form of catastrophic disturbance, general principles can be derived from comparative studies of disturbance in different systems.